Inspector Goole

Inspector Goole in Priestley’s play An Inspector Calls’ is arguably the most important character. An agent of change and a voice and a voice of personal and social conscience he delivers the main message of the play in his parting speech challenging the Birlings, and the audience, to â€Å"Remember† that there are â€Å"millions and millions† of people like Eva Smith, all â€Å"linked† in some way. Clearly at this stage his examination of the Birlings behaviour and the investigation of the suicide of Eva Smith proves he is the voice of morality.Goole states â€Å"we don’t live alone† and are â€Å"responsible for each other†. This message is in direct contrast to the one delivered by Arthur Birling at the start of the play where he claims a man has to â€Å"look after himself and his own† I believe it is no coincidence that Inspector Goole joins the play at this point and sets the tone for the conflict the two are going t o have throughout the entirety of the play.The way that Inspector Goole conducts his â€Å"investigation† of sorts not only exposes Eva Smiths tragic â€Å"chain of Events† which leads to her eventual suicide but also enables the audience to understand each individual characters role in Eva’s death for Sheila getting her fired from her last steady job and Arthur Birling caring to much about â€Å"lower costs and higher prices† than his workers welfare.Goole is very clear when informing the Birlings and Gerald Croft of the way he like to â€Å"go to Work†! He states he will use â€Å"one line of inquiry† at a time. He feels to do otherwise would result in a â€Å"muddle†. Certainly his way of investigation highlights his polar opposite opinion to Arthur Birling whereas he believes in a â€Å"butterfly effect† where each character has individually contributed to the downward spiral of Eva Smith’s life. Goole exposes the gu ilt of each character.The Birlings seem, at the beginning of the play to be a respectable â€Å"up market† family even Gerald Croft comments that they appear a â€Å"nice well behaved† family, but Goole shows this too all be a fake disguise when he reveals through his research methods that they are actually a family which thinks they are â€Å"socially† superior and one that is totally centred around power this statement is proved when Arthur Birling says â€Å" ex Lord Mayor† and â€Å" I was on the bench† and this so fought over power is abused many times in the book by the haracters for example when Gerald Croft uses his monetary advantage to abuse Eva for sex and when Sheila uses her father’s name to get Eva fired from her job at Millwoods. The Inspector quickly creates a conflict between the age generations with the elders staying â€Å"stuck in their ways† and not taking any kind of responsibility for their role in Eva Smithâ₠¬â„¢s death, whereas the younger generation know they have to â€Å"share the guilt† respectively as they are all to blame for Eva’s death.When Priestly wrote this play I believe he invented the character Inspector Goole to spread his message of â€Å"responsibility† through his dialogue this point is proved on many occasions when the inspector speaks to the Birlings about how they must â€Å"take responsibility† for their actions† and â€Å"share the guilt†. He also has a massive speech just before he leaves the Birlings house to round off everything he has tried to get them to learn. Which even though they later find out he was not actually an Inspector teaches the younger generation at lesson about â€Å"responsibility† and the effect their actions had on others.

Papoer

The Impact of Music on Language & Early Literacy: A Research Summary In Support of Kindermusik’s ABC Music & Me The Impact of Music on Language & Early Literacy: A Research Summary In Support of Kindermusik’s ABC Music & Me Introduction Early childhood classroom teachers believe in the power of music to engage children. What scientifically based research supports the use of music and musical instruction to build early literacy skills?This research summary answers that question, providing support to educators who wish to integrate music and musical instruction into their early language and literacy programs in schools. This research summary reviews high-quality experimental studies conducted in classrooms with young children receiving music education, plus relevant brain research that focuses on the impact of musical instruction on the brain.The impact of music and musical instruction on early language and literacy development for young children is examined in the follow ing areas: †¢ ReadingComprehensionandVerbalMemory †¢ ListeningSkills †¢ Vocabulary,includingforEnglishLanguageLearners †¢ PhonologicalandPhonemicAwareness †¢ WritingandPrintAwareness †¢ ImpactonChildrenwithDisabilities †¢ FamilyInvolvement The research summarized below provides strong support for including music and musical instruction in the earlychildhoodclassroom.Importantly,thisrecommendationismadenotjustforthevalueofthemusical experience itself, but also because of the impact music and musical instruction can have on young children’s development of language and early literacy. Music Instruction & Reading Scores Linked Readingcomprehensionisseenasâ€Å"theessenceofreading†(Durkin,1993)andthedesiredoutcomeof reading instruction, including the focus of assessment on standardized reading tests starting in third grade.Comprehensionisdefinedasâ€Å"intentionalthinkingduringwhichmeaningisconstructedthroughinteractions betweentextandrea der†(Harris&Hodges,1995). Anumberofresearchstudieshavefoundthatchildrenwhoparticipateinmusicinstructiontendtoscorehigher on tests of reading comprehension than children who do not participate in musical instruction. †¢ Ameta-analysisof25correlationalstudies,someinvolvingsamplesizesofover500,000students, foundaâ€Å"strongandreliableassociation†betweenmusicinstructionandscoresontestsofreading comprehension(Butzlaff,2000). Astudyof4,739elementaryandmiddleschoolstudentsinfourregionsoftheUnitedStatesrevealed astrongrelationshipbetweenelementary(third-orfourth-grade)students’academicachievementas measuredbytestscoresandtheirparticipationinhigh-qualitymusicprograms(Johnson&Memmott, 2006). While these studies are appealing, one cannot conclude from correlational studies alone that the music instruction was the cause of the gains in reading scores. To answer that question, we turn to the experimental studies that involved pre- and post-testing of young children rece iving classroom music education.Theauthorsofaclassicstudy(Hurwitzetal,1975)askedwhethermusictrainingimprovedreading performance in first grade children. The experimental group received musical instruction including listening to folk songs with an emphasis the listening for melodic and rhythmic elements. The control group consisted ofchildrenwhowerematchedinage,IQ,andsocioeconomicstatusandwhoreceivednospecialtreatment. Aftertraining,themusicgroupexhibitedsignificantlyhigherreadingscoresthandidthecontrolgroup,scoring inthe88thpercentileversusthe72ndpercentile.Moreover,continuedmusicaltrainingwasbeneficial;afteran additional year of musical training, the experimental group’s reading comprehension scores were still superior to the control group’s scores. These findings provide initial support for the view that musicinstructionfacilitatestheabilitytoread. More recent research focuses on the specific impact of music instruction on the subprocesses involved in successful read ing. Researchersbelievethatmusicinstruction impacts a student’s brain functioning in processing language, which in turn impacts reading subprocesses like phonemic awareness and vocabulary.These subprocesses ultimately impact a student’s ability to read with comprehension. Music Instruction Improves Verbal Memory Research Into Practice: ABC Music & Me Kindermusik’sABCMusic&Mehelpsteachers engage young children in language- and literacy-rich musical activities that include playful instruction in foundational music skills andinstrumentexploration. Researchsuggests that engaging young children in these types of musical activities are correlated with later success in reading comprehension.Anotherwayinwhichmusicinstructionmaypositivelyimpactreadingabilityisthroughincreasedverbal memory. The findings linking music training to verbal memory are important because verbal memory is essentialforreadingprintedwordswithcomprehension. Asreadingprogressestosentencesandtextsof g reater lengths, verbal memory allows a child to retain material in memory as it is being read so that syntactic andsemanticanalysesnecessarytocomprehensioncanbeperformed.Verbalmemoryisessentialforall childrenlearningtoread(Brady,1991;StoneandBrady,1995),andpoorperformanceinverbalmemoryhas beenassociatedwithreadingdisabilitiesforyoungchildren(AckermanandDykman,1993;Cornwall,1992; Scarborough,1998). Recentbrainandpsychologicalresearchshowsthatmusicinstructioncanhaveapositiveimpactonverbal memory. †¢ Astudyofninety6-to15-year-oldboysfoundthatthosewithmusictraininghadsignificantlybetter verbal learning and retention abilities. The longer the duration of the music training, the better the verbalmemory(Ho,Cheung,&Chan,2003).Afollow-upstudyconcludedthattheeffectwascausal. The authors suggest that the cause of the increase in verbal memory was neuroanatomical changes in the brains of children who were playing music. †¢ Anotherstudyfoundthatlearningtoplaya musical instrument enhanc es the brain’s ability Research Into Practice: ABC Music & Me torememberwords. â€Å"Adultswithmusictraining ABCMusic&Meengageschildreninactive in their childhood demonstrate better verbal music-making with a variety of musical memory,†accordingtostudyauthorChan. instruments both in the classroom and at Thisbrainresearchwith60adultsshowedthat home.Researchsuggeststhatthisearly musicians have enlarged left cranial temporal experience may improve children’s verbal regions of the brain, which is the area involved in memory, an important factor in successful processingheardinformation. Asaresult,people text comprehension for later stages of reading withmusictrainingcouldremember17%more development. verbal information than those without music training(Chanetal,1998). Music Helps Build Listening Skills â€Å"Learningtolistenisaprerequisitetolisteningtolearn,†stressesresearcherMayesky(1986).Listeningisthe first language mode that children acquire, and it provide s a foundation for all aspects of language and reading development. Listeningisaverylargepartofschoollearning,withstudentsspendinganestimated50to75 percentofclassroomtimelisteningtotheteacher,tootherstudents,ortomedia(Smith,1992). Despitethefrequencyoflisteningactivityinclassrooms,listeningskillsarenotfrequentlytaughtexplicitly (Hyslop&Tone,1988;Newton,1990). â€Å"Mostteachersteach,assumingthatbecausetheyaretalking,their studentsarelistening†(Swanson,1996).Asaresult,manychildrendonotacquirethelisteningskillsnecessary to acquire new knowledge and information. Too often listening is thought to be a natural skill that develops automatically, but in fact developing good listeningskillsrequiresexplicitinstruction. â€Å"Ifweexpectchildrentobecomegoodlisteners,†¦weneed to teach them to become activelisteners†(Jalongo, 1995). Directinstructioninlisteningskillsshouldinclude â€Å"lessonsdesignedtospecificallyteachandmodelthe skillsnecessaryforactivelistening†(Math eson,Moon &Winiecki,2000). Anexperimentalstudywithyoung English language earners showed that focused listening instruction can benefit listening comprehension for childrenlearningasecondlanguage(Goh&Taib,2006). Musicalactivitiesarecitedbyresearchersaseffective experiences for building listening skills in the classroom (Hirt-Mannheimer,1995;Wolf,1992),forbothmainstream classrooms and classrooms with children who have disabilities. (Humpal&Wolf,2003). Research Into Practice: ABC Music & Me EachunitofABCMusic&Megiveschildren not only the opportunity to listen actively to music, but also includes focused listening activities using music, non-musical sounds, andlanguage.Classroomroutineshelp teachers focus children’s attention on listening todirections. Read-aloudstoriesandsongs give children opportunities to practice listening to extended discourse. Recentbrainresearch(Flohretal,1996)showsthatmusictrainingchangesandimprovesbrainfunctioning relatedtolistening. Anexperimentalstudyw ithchildrenages4to6providedmusictrainingfor25minutesfor 7weeks,andthenmeasuredbrainactivity. ThosechildrenwhohadreceivedmusicaltrainingproducedEEG frequencies associated with increased cognitive processing and greater relaxation.Music Can Build Vocabulary, including for English Language Learners Manyeducationalresearcherspromotemusicasawayto enhance vocabulary acquisition and comprehension, and emphasize music’s ability to engage children in instruction (Fountas&Pinnell,1999;Miller&Coen,1994;Page,1995; Smith,2000;Wiggins,2007). Accordingtoeducationalresearchers,thereissubstantial evidence that children acquire vocabulary incidentally byreadingandlisteningtooralstories(Krashen,1989). Duringthepreschoolyearsbeforechildrencanread, children rely exclusively on the oral language they listen to in order to acquire

Publicis Groupe Essay

1.What lessons did Maurice Levy learned from the failed FCB alliance? According to Maurice Levy, the most important thing he learnt from the failure of the alliance with FCB is the necessity to build an alliance not only based on a good relationship between the managers but also on a strong legal structure. In fact, the relationship Maurice created with FCB’s managers was mostly informal. Maurice and FCB’s CEO met only five times and the alliance was more a collaborative arrangement than a real agreement. The author describes it as an alliance which â€Å"intended to be more than just a handshake† but without any agreement on the structure of the deal, the alliance seems mostly to rely on the managers’ relationship. On the contrary, in the next process of acquisitions, Levy not only met the managers several times, he had also special meetings with the CFOs where they try to reach an agreement about the structure of the deal and the structure of the company after the acquisition. F or example, for Saatchi & Saatchi acquisition, Maurice worked out the details of the acquisition with the CFO Bill Codhrat and they discuss all the legal points to undertake to face the future events which could affect both companies after the acquisition. They spent two weeks working on the structure of the deal, settling every details before calling lawyers. After the failed FCB alliance, the lawyers became indispensable in the process of acquisition. The second lesson he learnt from this failed alliance is how important are the interest that people have in the acquisition. An alliance consists in two companies becoming one and the managers of the two firms have to realize this fundamental point. After the acquisition, they need to have the interest of both companies in mind to create a successful firm. In order to put aside managers’ egos in next acquisitions, Maurice Levy first spent a lot of time creating a strong relationship with the firms’ CEOs, trying to understand who they were, what they wanted and how they could combine the interest of the two companies. For example, in Saatchi and Saatchi’s process of acquisition, both CEOs agreed on the fact that they had to keep the two operations very separate in order to protect their own client. That is to say, they tried not only to build a strong relationship based on trust but also to settle a framework in order to protect the key interest of the two companies after the acquisition.

The principles of ELISA and its application Essay

The principles of ELISA and its application - Essay Example The sensitivity of simple enzyme assays together with the specificity of antibodies/antigens aid in qualitative and quantitative determination of antigen or antibody concentration in samples. The various biological samples, like plasma, serum, urine, and cell extracts containing unknown antigen/antibody concentration can be analysed in ELISA. This biochemical technique employs polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies depending upon the specificity requirement for the sample to be assayed. The assays involving monoclonal antibodies increases specificity; and therefore give reproducible and accurate results. The enzymes employed in ELISA should be simple, easily analysed and should have a high turnover number. The substrates used for the enzyme assay should be stable, safe, inexpensive, and should generate soluble end products. The chromogenic colourless substrates are utilized which give colored reaction products after the reaction. This visible color reaction is quantified spectrophotomet rically. Other options for detection include analysis using fluorescent or radioactive probes.The most commonly used enzymes in ELISA are horse raddish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, ÃŽ ²-galactosidase etc. (Axel 1999). When alkaline phosphatase is used for labeling the antibody, p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) is used as substrate which forms yellow color product p-nitrophenol after the reaction. The chromogneic substrates employed with peroxidase are 2,2’-azo-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), o-phenylenediamine (OPD) and 3,3’5,5’- tetramethylbenzidine base (TMB), which gives end products with green, orange and blue colors, respectively. A 96-well microtiter plate is used to execute the ELISA constituted of polystyrene or PVC. Direct ELISA: In this technique, a sample containing the target antigen is adsorbed in a well of the microtiter plate. An enzyme labeled primary antibody reacts directly with the antigen. Direct ELISA excludes the use of

Accounting tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting tools - Essay Example Most of the companies are getting dominated by the international competition. The primary cause of this competition is demand based supply and widely accepted e-commerce. Since, the utilization of management accounting tools is important for most of the companies with the aim of developing logical and reliable business strategies. The primary features of management accounting are to help the organisation in the area of decision making, control and support strategic planning (Kaplan and Norton, 1996, p.58). In this essay, the researcher will stress on the different aspects of management accounting tools and the effectiveness of management accounting tools. Discuss and evaluate the purpose and effectiveness of management accounting for modern business In the modern business firms, the management accounting is mainly used for taking competitive decision making by collecting, communicating information and processing. This tool helps the management of the organisation to control, evaluate and plan on business process. This tool also relates to the present strategy of the business firm with the existing ones. The function of management accounting is multidimensional and interrelated with the various departments. The mechanism contributes in monitoring different activities in business and helps the businesses to meet the goal of the organisation. In this function, the management and the board is mainly focussed on those activities which are the key drivers of future financial result. This controlling activities influence the corporate governance activities of the organisation. With the help of various analysis report, the management accounting track the lack in control system also and measure the divergence from the expected result. In the variance analysis, the management compares the expected performance with the actual performance (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman, 2005, p.256). The approval of financial decision also depends on the management accounting decision. Mos t of the members of the audit committee (at least 40 %) hold the specific qualification. But it has been seen that the common management accounting tools is used by the audit committee rather than the directors of the business firm. In this point of view, at the time of taking financial decisions, management accounting reports are not adequately presented. On the other side, it is noted that the decision of Director is not sufficient for 69 % of the companies. Most of the major financial decisions are taken by the senior management of the company by utilizing the key areas of management accounting tools (Blocher et al. 2010, p.54). Most of the traditional business firms did not evaluate the performance of CEOs and senior management before general annual meetings. The management accounting tools determinates the financial results from various segment of operation that signifies the performance of CEOs. The modern businesses maintain good corporate governance practices by following co des of business practices, compliance to relevant laws and rules and regulation. The corporate behaviour is important to maintain the corporate governance. So, corporate behaviour should be stringent in corporate DNA by maintaining the principals and ethics. The management accounting mechanism sets the standard behaviour for the purpose of hard coding. This mechanism also provides the periodic report which highlights corporate culture monitoring result. On the other side, this is a tool which is a custodian of ethics. So, it is very easy for the business firms to trace the fraud and mal practices. Comprehensive Implementation of Management Accounting Tools: In this part the researcher

The Moral and Economic Implications of the Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper

The Moral and Economic Implications of the Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example It raised questions about the humanity of the people at the helm of affairs and also questioned the political will of the nation’s system of governance whereby the sincerity of the nation’s political establishment in creating a certain amount of parity within the population is rendered suspect. There are other aspects of this movement and the government’s response that need to be looked into. Apart from not offering any tax sops to the common man and talks of doing away with tax-cuts that were offered during the Bush-era, the government had fuelled the anger of the common man. The brutalities that were carried out upon the protestors by the police came out in the open only due to the work of independent cameramen who were not associated with any news agency. The incidents that occurred during the movement thus bring to light the role of the media as well in the success or failure of such movements. The movement is described by itself as being the result of a seri es of movements that supports democracy. These, the movement claims, includes the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt where the common man protested against the marginalization of a majority of the population for the purpose of the welfare of the minority that constituted the ruling elite (Occupy Wall Street: The Revolution Continues Worldwide, n.d.). Having this as a moral backing definitely provides a cushion for the movement in terms of the support that it would be able to gather at an international level. There is thus an element of diplomatic support that the supporters of the movement expected to get through their efforts for an equitable society in which everybody would be provided with equal opportunities. In the absence of this, people would live lives whereby their work would be used for the benefit of others and not themselves. Apart from the moral degeneracy of this position, there is also the fact of its unsustainability from an economic point of view that needs to be looked into. The creativity that is necessary for a happy nation and society and a robust economy would be lacking in case the demands that were raised by the movement are ignored. The brutalities that were practiced for the quelling of the revolution also point to the development of a state which brooks no dissent, thus stunting the intellectual growth of the nation and also constructive thought that may lead to a better way of managing the economy. If one looks at these problems from a utilitarian perspective, one would feel that the movement and the rationale behind it need to be lauded. The principle that the movement fought for, a good life for the majority of the citizens of the country, is similar to what the Utilitarian philosophers of the Victorian age proposed. They sought a political system that would make the majority of the people within a society happy. This would be possible in an equitable society where people receive equal opportunities to make their lives better. The mov ement thus almost seems to be driven by a utilitarian philosophy which would lead to the happiness of the masses and not just the ruling elite. This points to a sad situation where there is a great disjunction between the two.  Ã‚  

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

History - Essay Example After this war Britain came up victorious and this also eradicated fear of French attack on the colonies. Colonies did not have to worry about their own defense (from French) and therefore their reliance on British decreased significantly. British also were heavily indebted due to the expenses on the war so they increased taxes of the colonies. It was a tradition at that time to impose taxes on colonies in order to earn more revenue. This was also a reason for the disgruntlement of the people of colonies. They felt that they were under slavery and this played a major role in the revolution. British Empire had colonies all over the world and they wanted to extend their power. For this reason they forced all their colonies to trade with themselves only. Through Navigation Act British Empire forced the American colonies to trade with British only and restricted trade with France and Spain. This was economically crushing American colonies and they had their reservation on the act. Sugar Act was another piece of legislation that increased the problems of the American Colonies. The act increased duties on imported sugar and this forced American colonies to stop using British goods. The timing of this act was a problem. It came at a time when people were already suffering from depression and this Act angered people more. They thought that they were being exploited. Currency Act was also a controversial act that restricted the colonies from printing money. British Empire thought that the devalued currency of colonies was hurting their economy therefore they forbade colonist from paying British traders in the colonist currency. This really made life difficult for the American colonies. People had to pay higher and this deprived them from their hard earned money. Currency Act can be regarded as a derogatory piece of legislation that was aimed at hurting the colonies of America. This was a major cause of the American Revolution. The tipping point

Judaism and the Jews in New York Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Judaism and the Jews in New York - Term Paper Example American Jews are American citizens having Jewish faith and Jewish ethnicity and whose origin also is from other countries. A wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and a full spectrum of Jewish religious observance are apparent in the Jewish community of America. The Jews of America live overwhelmingly in the suburbs of the largest American cities. The American Jews by every measure constitute to be one of the highest socio economic groups of the United states and they share almost all the characteristics of the upper middle class urban Americans. Depending on demographic studies and religious definitions, the United States is home to the world’s second largest Jewish community. This paper in particular intends to describe Jews in New York and their religion ‘Judaism’. Who is a Jew? The Jews represent a group of people having some unique characteristics rather than a distinct race or ethnic group. Although the Jews originally came from the Middle East, many a n umber of races and people have joined together in Jewish communities over the centuries, especially after Jews were forced out of Palestine in the second century A.D. In America, they engaged in marriages with Christians and formed a mixed community. It is evidently, a common Jewish heritage that passed down from generation to generation that binds the group together. And for the Jews in New York also, the binding element is their religion. Although most often, Judaism is used as a term referring to the Jewish religion, sometimes it is used to refer to all Jews. In other words, one does not have to be religious to be Jewish. In general, one is Jewish if one is born of a Jewish mother or converted to Judaism. Unlike Christians, they are still waiting for the arrival of a Savior who would integrate all the Jews who have been scattered and gone astray. Advent of Jews to America There is no unanimous opinion among the historians as to when the first Jews came to America. Although many b elieve that Jews reached America in the ancient period either when they were attacked by aliens or when they faced persecution from the Christians, no solid evidences are available to prove this argument. As Adler and Huhner point out, still it is believed that the first Jews came to North America in 1654 and settled in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam which was later renamed as New York. Most of those who came were refugees from Recife, a Dutch colony in Brazil. It was when the Portuguese attacked the colony the Jews left Recife and headed to Holland. But as they ran out of money they were forced to settle at the Dutch colony of North America (Adler and Huhner). The newly came people were granted permission to inhabit in the American soil and to practice their religion and customs and this marked the beginning of a new community and religion in the land of America. The migrant Jews assimilated into the culture of Native Americans in all aspects of life. In other words, they had to imbibe the basic characteristics of the American community as forming distinctiveness was not possible challenging the customs of the natives. All together, the modern Jewish culture in America embodies an international culture of secular communities of Jewish people and the indigenous practices of the natives. Jews continued migrating to America on realizing it was a secure place for them. During the middle decades of the 19th century, there were considerable

International Marketing Audit and Plan Research Paper

International Marketing Audit and Plan - Research Paper Example However, it will enter the market through local wholesale distributors. Azzure brand is one of the assorted company’s products that will gain wide acceptance in China because of the benefits the product offer to the users. For example, Azzure is herbal cigarette which has therapeutic qualities. The Chinese smokers are many and increasing each year. Women smokers smoke an average of 11.6 cigarettes a day while the male smokers smoke an average of 15.5 cigarettes a day. More specifically, it is discovered that young male adults smoke an average of ten cigarettes daily, while middle aged adults smoke the highest number of cigarettes daily standing at an average of 17 cigarettes per day. The old male adults smoke he lowest number of cigarettes daily standing at an average of 10.1 cigarettes per day. The number of women smokers are increasing as the advertisement, promotions and production are tailored to appeal to the female adult population. The smoking rate in China is one of the highest in the world. It is estimated that 1.7 trillion cigarettes are smoked in china each year. The reason for this high smoking rate is due to the social culture of the Chinese people who fancy cigarettes in most of its social interaction. Cigarette smoking is considered as social activity and is normally given as gifts to friends, government officials and foreign guest especially when one is soliciting for favours. This behaviour fuels the demand of cigarettes across the adult population and ensures that the consumption rate is maintained throughout the year. Most Chinese prefer the cigarettes brands that are produced in the home country. However, foreign cigarettes are often considered as status symbol. There are over three hundred and fifty million cigarettes smokers in the whole of China. Therefore, there is a steady market for about two trillion cigarettes in China annually. Most cigarettes sold in China are

Essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Questions - Essay Example The caliphate period also started in this century. In this century Hazrat Ali and his sons were martyred. That was the point when shiism came into being when the opponents regret the martyrdom. The 8th century was known as the golden period of Islam. It’s when Islam gained its roots in the major countries. Many mosques were built; mathematicians were there to invent new solutions such as algebra. The Mongol invasions left a great impact on the Muslim empire. At first it brought glorious days when Babur and Akbar were the rulers but then it declined drastically because they started enjoying the luxuries and forgot about the empire. The wealth was wasted on wars and building palaces. Many rebellions stood up to weaken the empire even more. The Iranian experience is based on the class, cultures and traditions of Iran. The cultures are followed from an Islamic point of view. The class is differentiated on the basis of the wealth the society has. The classes have different views and traditions. For example: The primary source of kinship is security. Zoroastrianism is the pre-Islamic religion which emerged in Iran (previously known as Persia) and established its roots in India. The followers believe in one invisible God and one sacred book. Their beliefs are laid upon the monotheistic and dualistic

The Stroke Risk Calculator Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Stroke Risk Calculator - Coursework Example The user is placed in a particular age group and then their probability to suffer from stroke is determined. The results obtained are also based on the age group a person falls under. The rating results are provided in either lower than average, average or higher than average of a person in a particular age group. To analyze the stroke probability in a person, the tool enquires on several causing factors. Firstly, the gender of the user is required, the user is then placed in an age group. Questions on the health status of a person are requested. For instance, the tool asks on medical history of condition like diabetes, irregular pulse, fibro muscular dysplasia and transient ischemic attack (UCLA Stroke Center, 2015). Social factors like smoking are then analyzed. The elderly population is the most likely age group to be suffer from stroke. In an argument by Birkett (2012) the population is comprised of too many risk factors as influenced by aging thus a great stroke risk. However, t he risk factors in older adults are significantly influenced by the lifestyle at a younger age. For this reason, the younger age groups are a significant target population as older adults. In addition, the risk calculator can be of great importance to younger adults than older adults. This is based on that risk causing factors in older adults are irreversible. In younger adults changes in lifestyle and seeking good health care may reduce the probability of suffering from stroke at an older age (Birkett, 2012). For the older population the tool may also be effective in analyzing their stroke risks status. Similarly to the younger age groups, older adults may also feel the need to change their lifestyle to minimize their stroke risk. For instance, an older adult may be advised to stop smoking or drinking due to a high probability of them having stroke.

War in Iraq and the US Economic Growth- History of the war in Iraq Essay Example for Free

War in Iraq and the US Economic Growth- History of the war in Iraq Essay Iraq was also known as occupation of Iraq began in 2003 march 20th led by United States. The president of US then George W. Bush, the Prime minister of United Kingdom by then Tony Blair, Prime minister of Spain by then Jose Maria Aznar, and domestic foreign supporters accused Iraq of possession of weapons of mass destruction, which was against the 1991 agreement to unconditionally give them up. This triggered one of the most historically long wars since the Vietnam War. It’s estimated that the war has caused as many deaths and resources as the Vietnam War. (BBC news 26 Nov 2007). The war is still on but key figures in the war have already been eliminated. Among them are sadaam Hussein and his sons. Impact of the War on US Economy As Wall Street reports the most recent advances of the battle, in Iraq, Economist are on the other hand worried that the war might be affecting employment, consumer confidence, and a service industry show down. According the government realized labor figures on April 4 statistics showed that economy had lost 108,000 jobs in March, more than the expected number which was 36,000. More so, the unemployment rate was steady at 5. 8% following discouragement of more people (hopes for quick war April 2003). The increase in unemployment not only affects the individuals but also the economy at large since the government invests a lot on charity in order to take care of citizens who cannot afford basic needs In addition, the crime rates are increasing at a faster rate. As manufacturers on the other hand lay off workers, there is a fall in the institute for supply management’s index for non manufacturing businesses in the service industry. This industry indicates 85% of US economic activities. Thus a fall basically means that a big percentage of economic activities are reducing. Consumer confidence has also been greatly reduced. According to study from university of Michigan consumer confidence was lowest in 9 years. With consumers hope gone people tend to do minimal buying especially of high worth assets. This brings about less money in supply and hence a slow movement of economic progress due to minimal economic activities. Economic growth has slowed in the US. This is due to the softness of the economy. Long term goals of the government to attack Iraq remain unclear. This is slowing the US economy because a large portion of money has already been injected in the war, placing other government plans to broaden the economy at a stand still. Little or no help is likely to be coming from other nations to rebuild Iraq. The Bush Administration alienated so many of its European allies with its unilateral action; it also put European bidders so far from USA government contracts for reconstruction projects. This means the only people who might benefit from such contracts are the Americans. Britons can not hence fund the Americans to do what will only benefit Americans. Financial markets are taking a dark view due to the engagement of the government in war that has brought a budget deficit. This is leaving the state money in circulation less than normal. As a result the prospective investors in stock Market cannot access enough liquidity to invest. With a country’s stock index going town, economic growth is mostly low due to the fact that many economies growth is determined partly by economic activities and financial performance. The war in Iraq might be of negative impact too. Now that uncertainties from war in Iraq have not ended and souring oil prices are trying though not yet the uncertainties might not be eliminated in a short time and the war might not be economic benefit to US. With the US government suffering a budget deficit, it might be difficult for the economy to move forward. Analyst approximated $100 billion, to rebuild and secure Iraq. Such and expenditure added to the already existing deficit will not only slow the entire economic growth of American but also drag it behind. Since the start of the Iraq war, the price of oil shot up from $37 a barrel to over 90$ a barrel. Consistent disruptions from the war have affected oil prices; however one cannot argue that the Iraq war is wholly responsible for the rise in the oil prices. Oil prices have brought negative financial status in the US by transferring approximately $124 billion from US to other oil producing companies in different counties between 2003 and 2008. (Jeannine Averssa Economics writer Tue. Nov. 13) High oil price can slow economic growth of a particular country especially by slowing the spending and rate of investment by consumers and business. This is through limiting the circulation of money. When people reduce the spending power, financial institutions like banks don’t get to lend more hence the bank loans, sale of government securities and activities economic development automatically slows down. Interest changed on money borrowed to by the US Government according report had over $850 billions. Recently the debts interests hit $9 trillion. With an economy’s money being moved out at such rates economic growth of any particular economy has to be slowed (Associated press 2007) U. S decided that it will keep its short term interests rates unchanged. The US federal reserve (Fed) said in a statement that the hesitancy of the US economic expansion appears to owe importantly to oil price premiums and other aspects of geographical uncertainties. † The fed has stressed that policy makers couldn’t assess the risks of future US economy given all the uncertainties over the Iraq situation. (Xinhua News Agency march 22, 2003). This is a dangerous report for any particular economy since the central government is responsible for giving confidential report concerning the governments’ position economically. This means the fed is genuinely foreseeing a dark if not unpredictable future. The Iraq war has also created division among US residents and between bush administrations and opposition leaders. This is being reflected on the economic growth of the country. Currently the US is divided between those who feel that the Bush administration is right, and those that totally oppose it, especially those parents whose sons died in Iraq war and those whose sons are still in Iraq. As a result of the division team spirit has been lost for the country. This is affecting the nation economically since productivity rate is low. However, Bush administration, is trying out economic recovery strategies; like conducting a highly responsible fiscal policy, like taxing the richest individuals heavily. However, economists urge that tax cuts are for more political than they are simulative. Effects in Our Economy today â€Å"People pointed out how war against Iraq may not be compensated for soon enough by other oil producing countries. This is because most members of organization of petroleum exporting countries do not have much additional production capacity. The decline in world prices for oil may not go down as people expect. † (JEANNINE 2000) The Iraq war has hence led to our economy being affected by the oil prices moving up. The hiking of oil prices, in the global economy has resulted to high commodity prices all over the world Economists will urge that many commodities that incur transportation cost in order to be sold, will raise price with a rise in oil prices. This shifts the entire living standards high without increasing the income of individuals. The war in Iraq has hence worsened humanity’s standards of living globally. War in Iraq has also reduced the funding of 3rd world countries by developed countries. Countries that received aid from US for instance have had their economies run bankrupt since the US is facing a deficit budget also. This calls for other stable economies like Japan to cost share by lending to poor countries. the intervention of these other countries brings about extra cost on their side and thus what could have been done say by Japan cannot be done simply because it used the cash to help. This is lowering the chances for innovation by technologically improved countries like Japan and generally lowering the standards of living instead of improving them. Total global energy supplies are declining yet the worlds economy cannot grow beyond its energy budget. The Iraq war has affected this negatively since the world’s civilization will decline with its energy budget. This will happen has the American President instructs his citizens to hold on. If this happens oil will be available still as it will remain in the ground. But then it will be useless as the cost of extracting it will move than the cost selling the oil itself. Conclusion Many theories and suggestions have been advanced regarding the impact of Iraq war and magnitude. Considering the many articles written different opinions aired via media and internet, yes their might be an advantage of the Iraq war to our general economy or the US economy to be more specific, but so far the war seems to have been more of a disaster than problem solving decision. Works cited JEANNINE AVERSA Cost of Iraq war could surpass $1 trillion .Report Puts Hidden war Costs at $1. 6T, AP Economics Writer Tue Nov 13, 6:21 PM ET Global Interdependence: The war in Iraq and the u. s Economy Markets buoyed by hopes for quick war,, but long term outlook is dim. Date Posted on Global Envision: April 16, 2003 Martin Wok. Chief economics correspondent. MSNBC. Updated 4:25 p. m. PT, Fri. , March. 17, 2006 I. f stone . An institute for the rest of us. Institute for policy studies. 1963 Dean Baker. The economic impact of Iraq war and higher military spending. Center for economic and policy research Washington . 2000

History of Latin America

History of Latin America Ashley Chambers Latin America Imagine youre sitting in your house and you look out the window and you see new people come in and start changing everything up and the settlers ended changing everything up, Latin America artistic traditions developed in Mesoamerica, Central America, and South America after communicating with the spanish and portuguese in 1492. Northern European artists inspired Italian renaissance trends, and spread their revolutionary ideas to Latin America. Latin America was a very plain and dull civilization due to the lack of art, music, and color. During the colonial period spanish settlers found Latin America and isnt credited with the exploration of Latin America but was the founder of the exploration of Latin America. While the spanish settlers there portuguese became more involved with everyone and everything,The Portuguese were slower to become involved in the region. Although they laid claim to Brazil for many decades, it was not until the mid-1530s that they became more directly involved, granting sesmarias, or land grants, to prominent citizens. (BHS Colonial Period). Also during the colonial period European settlers also entered the picture, but some European artist didnt take on the new ways of changing Latin America.Due to new ways and not everyone liking the new traditions some of Europes people decided to split and go their own ways,As the colonial period began, a distinct divide at first existed between indigenous artis ts and European à ©migrà ©s. In some instances indigenous artists continued to explore their own traditions and themes without alteration. (BHS Colonial Period). Europes people were very greedy with the new traditions and not getting credit for them in Latin America, so some of Europe people ended up taking credit for things they didnt even come up with in Latin America culture;but due to the wrong people more people ended up showing up and more ethnic groups and and cultural groups ended up mixing in with the new region, Many European artists also took styles and themes from Europe in a literal manner that had little to do with Latin American culture. Increasingly, however, reciprocal influences could be felt from both groups as more cultural and ethnic mixing came to define the region. (BHS Colonial Period). After the colonial Period some things did change and some not so much, more ideas ended up showing up and taking part in the Revolutionary ideals for Latin America. Northern European artists utilized Italian Renaissance trends but with a more believable sense of realism; figures in these works look like individuals with a variety of ages, shapes, and faces, and their bodies appear (BHS European Influence). After Europe got there and settle in a lot of Latin Americans found out about Fresco Paintings and Easel Paintings and ended up taking part in that as well as adding art to there church altars. Latin America ended up inheriting this new style called Ultraboque,and to europe that was very popular.The heavy Ultrabaroque style quickly gave way in Latin America to the Rococo style, which was then popular in Europe. (BHS Rococo). After this style Latin America was very content with this style and felt as if they were complete with this style,Latin America and Europe came together and put together projects for the new rococo style such as putting up sculptures. By the end of the 19th century Europe and Latin America ended up coming up with the stiff and haughty portraits and self portraits, At the turn of the 19th century, while stiff and haughty portraits of aristocrats were still commissioned, the genre of self-portraits by native-born painters also emerged, leading to works that reveal a more informal, human quality. (BHS Latin America art on the eve of independence). Latin america ended up inspiring a lot of new and old civilizations thanks to the help of European settlers, Latin America and Europe ended up inspiring New Spain with the creation of the daily life, another thing other civilizations liked was the actually Latin America landscape in the background of photosLatin American painters increasingly created scenes of daily life in New Spain in its half-century before independence. In paintings created to document the viceroys travels, these artists began to depict actual Latin American landscapes in the background, rather than id ealized backdrops. (BHS Latin America art on the eve of independence). Latin America ended up getting their revolutionary ideals from European settlers after they came in and helped them figure out who and what they were. Europe is credited with the revolutionary ideals and Latin American art independence after they migrated on and left to the next conquest. Europe is credited for the revolutionary ideals but not a whole lot with the exploration of Latin America,Europe indeed helped out with finding new territory and sending new groups and cultures over to Latin America such as New spain, Portuguese, and the spanish settler Work cited page History of Latin America. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017.HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA. HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017.How Did Revolutionary Ideas in Europe and Latin America Ignite Uprisings in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century?No. Help Notes. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017.Latin American Art. Britannica School, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 4 May. 2012. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Latin-American-art/345122. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.Latin American Revolutions | Slavery and Remembrance. Latin American Revolutions | Slavery and Remembrance. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

Survey on Traffic Pattern Discovery in Mobile Ad hoc Network

Survey on Traffic Pattern Discovery in Mobile Ad hoc Network Priyanka Sen Priti Saktel Abstract— Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is one of the networks of mobile routers that is self-configuring and connected by wireless links. Anonymity communication is one of the major issues in MANET. Though there are many anonymity enhancing techniques that have been proposed based on packet encryption to protect the communication anonymity of mobile ad hoc networks. There are still passive statistical traffic analysis attacks that can be vulnerable to MANET. The communication anonymity consists of two aspects: source/destination anonymity and end-to-end anonymity. In order to discover the communication pattern without decrypting the captured packets, this proposed system will be designed. The proposed system will first search the required node by using a heuristic approach. Then statistical traffic analysis will be performed to find the data transmission of the searched node to its neighboring nodes. After performing the statistical traffic analysis whether the search node is source or destination will be estimated. With the help of this estimation the traffic pattern will be discovered. The utility of this proposed system is basically in military environment. Keywords— Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), anonymity communication, statistical traffic analysis. I. Introduction Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless network. It is one of the types of ad hoc network. Every device in MANET is independent to move. This results in changes of link of such device. Thus MANET is also known as an infrastructure less network. The devices that are present in the network must forward the traffic to other devices. In MANET each device must act as a router. The basic figure of a mobile ad hoc network can be illustrated in Fig 1. One of the critical issues of MANET is communication anonymity. Anonymity can be defined as the state in which identity of an object that performs the action is hidden. An anonymous communication system can be defined as a technology that hides the object identity. Communication anonymity [1] has two aspects: Source/destination anonymity and End-to-End relationship anonymity. In source/destination anonymity it is difficult to identify the sources or the destinations of the network flows while in end-to-end relationship anonymity it is difficult to identify the end to- end communication relations. In MANET communication anonymity has been proposed by anonymous routing protocols such as ANODR (ANonymous On-Demand Routing) [7], OLAR (On-demand Lightweight Anonymous Routing) [6]. All these anonymous routing protocols rely on packet encryption to hide the information from attackers. Still the passive attackers can eavesdrop on the wireless channel, intercept the transmission, and then perform traffic analysis attacks. Traffic analysis [10] is one of the types of passive attack in MANET. Traffic analysis is further subdivided into predecessor attack [8] and disclosure attack [9]. The following are the three nature of MANET due to which above approaches do not work well to analyze traffic in MANET: 1) Broadcasting nature: In wired networks point to point transmission can be easily applied to only one possible receiver. While in wireless network message is broadcasted to multiple receivers. 2) Ad hoc nature: Mobile node can be served as both source and destination. This can create confusion to determine the role of the node. 3) Mobile nature: Traffic analysis model do not consider the mobility of communication peers. This makes the communication among mobile node more complex. There is a need of such a technology which can analyze traffic without any interruption of the above three characteristics of MANET. This proposed system fulfills the need. The objective of this paper is to show that passive attackers can perform traffic analysis without the knowledge of the adversaries. This approach is required in military environment. The proposed system will perform statistical traffic analysis to discover the traffic pattern. This system will perform the point to point as well as end-to-end traffic analysis among receivers. Indirectly this calculation will provide probable source and destination of the network that will discover the hidden traffic pattern. Thus the adversaries will not be able to know about the traffic analysis. Fig. 1. Mobile Ad hoc Network The remaining paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the previous work. Section III presents the proposed work. Section IV describes the expected outcome of the proposed system. Lastly section V presents the conclusion. II. PREVIOUS WORK Yang Qin, Dijiang Huang and Bing Li [1], proposed that though there are many anonymous routing protocols and anonymous enhancing techniques available still mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is vulnerable to passive statistical traffic analysis attacks. The authors proposed a system called as Statistical Traffic Pattern Discovery System (STARS). A STAR is used to discover the hidden traffic pattern in MANET. The drawback of this proposed system is that no searching algorithm is applied to search the traffic free path. Douglas Kelly, Richard Raines, Rusty Baldwin, Michael Grimaila, and Barry Mullins [2], investigated on anonymity. For a user anonymity can be defined as using any services while keeping their identity hidden from an adversary. Anonymity help user to protect their data from attacks. Unidentifiability, Unlinkability, and Unobservability are the three properties of anonymity. Unidentifiability means the adversary is unable to determine one’s identity or action among similar ones. Unlinkability means the adversary is unable to relate messages or actions by observing the system. Unobservability means the adversary is unable to observe the presence of messages or action in the system. Since unobservability keeps the identity of messages or action secret it can be implied as anonymity. Unidentifiability is subdivided into sender anonymity (SA), receiver anonymity (RA), mutual anonymity (MA) and group anonymity (GA). Unlinkability is subdivided into location anonymity (LA), communicat ion anonymity (CA) and group communication anonymity (GCA). In order to discover the traffic pattern we have to work on unidentifiability property of anonymity and decrease the sender anonymity (SA) and receiver anonymity (RA). Lei Liu, Xiaolong Jin, Geyong Min, and Li Xu [3], proposed that in order to detect the attack in a network traffic intensity and packet number are the two important metrics. Lei et al. had designed an anomaly detection system. This anomaly detection system is used to detect the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack in MANET. When traffic analysis is carried on MANET these two metrics are used to detect the DDoS attack. Similarly when traffic analysis will be carried on our proposed system data transmission will be considered as a parameter. We can conclude that data transmission will be an important factor whenever traffic analysis will be carried out, though the reason may be for detection of attack or for discovery of traffic pattern. Zhilin Zhang and Yu Zhang [4], introduced that control traffic plays an important role in route discovery in MANET. The characteristic that involve to carry out research on control traffic in MANET when on demand routing protocols are used include distribution of nodes’ control packet traffic, communication of control packets between nodes, rate of RREQ (route request) packets and the ratio of number of RREQ packets originating from one node to all RREQ packets relayed by this node. These characteristics of control traffic are affected by factors such as mobility, node density and data traffic. Thus theoretically we can determine that indirectly one of the factors of control traffic is data traffic. Hence we can conclude that control traffic will also play an important role in route discovery in our proposed system though the situation will be different. In our proposed system we will find traffic free path i.e. control traffic path so that it will be easy to find out the numb er of data packets transmitted to neighboring nodes. This will help us to discover route in our proposed system. Y. Liu, R. Zhang, J. Shi, and Y. Zhang [5] designed a novel algorithm called as traffic inference algorithm (TIA) which allows an adversary to infer the traffic pattern in MANET. This algorithm is based on the assumption that difference between data frames, routing frames and MAC control frames is visible to passive adversaries. Through these differences they can identify the point-to-point traffic using the MAC control frames, recognize the end-to-end traffic by tracing the routing frames and then find out the actual traffic pattern using the data frames. This algorithm is not a successful invention as it depends on the deterministic network behaviors. Stephen Dabideen and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves [6], proposed that routing in MANET using depth first search (DFS) is feasible as well as efficient than breadth first search (BFS). The algorithm introduced is called as ordered walk search algorithm (OSA). The objective of this algorithm is to take advantage of the smaller time complexity of BFS and combine it with the low communication complexity of DFS in order to improve the efficiency of the search through the known path information. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of OSA, ordered walk with learning (OWL) routing protocol has been presented which uses DFS to establish and repair paths from the source to the destination with minimum signaling overhead and fast convergence. The following are the advantages of DFS over BFS that had been investigated by Stephen et al. in MANET: (i) DFS require less overhead as compared to BFS. When large number of nodes is performing BFS, the routing TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF SEARCHING ALGORITHMS overhead can saturate the network making it difficult to deliver any packets. However DFS use only small network for routing. (ii) When BFS is used in a network, where there are multiple flows of search packets this situation can lead to increase the load on network and loss of packets. On the other hand as DFS involves only a small part of the network, thus this reduces the load in the network and results in less packet loss. A comparative study of searching algorithms is shown in TABLE I. From this table we conclude that DFS is better searching algorithm for MANET than BFS. III. PROPOSED WORK One of the characteristic of MANET is that all the nodes are hidden. This proposed system will unhide the nodes by using one of the searching algorithms. The searching algorithm chosen for searching the node will be depth first search (DFS). Source node will use DFS algorithm for traversing or searching the path in the network. Then statistical traffic pattern analysis will be performed on these searched nodes. This analysis will provide an estimation of the data transmitted to all the neighboring nodes of every searched node. We can discover the traffic pattern by using probability distribution. The working of each of the module is explained in detailed below. A. Searching node in MANET using depth first search. In this proposed system we are using DFS for routing decisions. When a node receives message for the first time, it sorts all its neighboring nodes according to their distance to destination and then uses that same order in DFS algorithm. It starts its searching from the source node and updates one hop neighbors. This search continues to reach traffic free path between source and destination node. As shown in Fig. 2, depth first search works on tree or graph. The Fig. 2 gives an example of DFS routing path for the following graph: The searching starts from root node A. It is assumed that the left edges are selected than the right edges. Each node remembers the last visiting nodes which help to backtrack and reach the last node to complete the traversing. From Fig. 2 the path will be: A, B, D, E, C, and F. B. Statistical traffic analysis of packets in MANET For point-to-point (one hop) traffic in a certain period, first build point-to-point traffic matrices such that each traffic Fig. 2. Depth First Search matrix only contains independent hop packets. There can be situation in which two packets captured at different time could be the same packet appearing at different location. In order to avoid a single point-to-point traffic matrix form containing two dependent packets time slicing technique is used. Time slice technique is technique in which the process is allowed to run in a preemptive multitasking system. This is called as the time slice or quantum. The scheduler runs once every time slice to choose the next process to run. In this proposed system a sequence of snapshots during a time interval constructs a slice represented by a traffic matrix. The traffic matrix is denoted by W. This traffic matrix will consists of traffic volume from one node to another. For example, Here 1 indicates that there is transmission of data (traffic volume) from node 1 to node 2 whereas 0 indicate that there is no transmission of data between the two nodes. C. Discovery of system The traffic matrix tell us the deduce point-to-point and end-to-end traffic volume between each pair of nodes. We need to discover the actual source or destination in order to discover the traffic pattern. Here probability distribution is used. Probability distribution calculates the probability of the data transmitted to neighboring node which provide an accurate estimation of a node as source or destination. This will help to discover the traffic pattern. The equation required for source probability distribution is The equation required for destination probability distribution is Fig.3. System Flow Diagram Where s’(i) is the source vector, N is number of nodes, r(i,j) is the accumulative traffic volume from node i to node j, d’(i) is the destination vector. In the Fig. 3, the flow of the proposed system is explained. When the system will start it will form a network. This network will consist of certain number of nodes. All the nodes will be browsed. In order to search the node a heuristic searching algorithm will be applied. If the required node is present then statistical traffic analysis will be performed on it. After performing statistical traffic analysis probability distribution will be applied to discover the traffic pattern. However, if the required node is not found then the system will stop and no further process will be carried out. IV. EXPECTED OUTCOME From the idea of the proposed system we are clear with two outcomes. The outcomes will be to discover traffic pattern in MANET and to find probability of point to point transmission among receivers. These two outcomes are discussed below. 1. Discovery of traffic pattern in MANET The first step to discover traffic pattern will be searching a node. Then using point-to-point traffic matrix and end-to-end traffic matrix a statistical traffic analysis will be performed. The parameter to be considered for traffic pattern discovery will be number of data transmitted. 2. Probability of point to point transmission among receivers is estimated Point-to-Point transmission can be estimated by point-to-point traffic matrix. This matrix will consists of traffic volume between each node at one hop distance. The calculated traffic matrix will be used to determine the probability of point to point transmission among receivers. V. CONCLUSION The proposed system will be an attacking system. As nodes are hidden in MANET a heuristic searching algorithm will be applied. This heuristic searching algorithm will be depth first search (DFS).This system will perform statistical traffic analysis to find the data transmission between one to one and one to many nodes. Probability of point to point transmission among receivers will be estimated by point-to-point traffic matrix. Then by calculating multihop traffic and performing probability distribution the traffic pattern will be discovered. This will provide an approximate traffic pattern with approximate source and destination in the network. The proposed system will reduce the issue of anonymous communication in mobile ad hoc network (MANET). REFERENCES Yang Qin, Dijiang Huang and Bing Li â€Å"STARS: A Statistical Traffic Pattern Discovery System for MANETs† IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, Vol. 11, No. 2, March/April 2014. Douglas Kelly, Richard Raines, Rusty Baldwin, Michael Grimaila, and Barry Mullins, â€Å"Exploring Extant and Emerging Issues in Anonymous Networks: A Taxonomy and Survey of Protocols and Metrics†, IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, Vol. 14, No. 2, Second Quarter 2012. Lei Liu, Xiaolong Jin, Geyong Min, and Li Xu, â€Å"Real-Time Diagnosis of Network Anomaly based on Statistical Traffic Analysis†, IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, 2012. Zhilin Zhang and Yu Zhang, â€Å"Control Traffic Analysis of On-Demand Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks†, IEEE Second International Conference on Networking and Distributed Computing, 2011 Y. Liu, R. Zhang, J. Shi, and Y. Zhang, â€Å"Traffic Inference in Anonymous MANETs,† Proc. IEEE Seventh Ann. Comm. Soc. Conf. Sensor Mesh and Ad Hoc Comm. and Networks, pp. 1-9, 2010. Stephen Dabideen and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, â€Å"OWL: Towards Scalable Routing In MANETs Using Depth-First Search On Demand†, IEEE 6th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, Oct 2009. Y. Qin and D. Huang, â€Å"OLAR: On-Demand Lightweight Anonymous Routing in MANETs,† Proc.Fourth Int’l Conf. Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Networking, pp. 72-79, 2008. J. Kong, X. Hong, and M. Gerla, â€Å"An Identity-Free and On- Demand Routing Scheme against Anonymity Threats in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,† IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, vol. 6, no. 8, pp.888-902, Aug. 2007. M. Wright, M. Adler, B. Levine, and C. Shields, â€Å"The Predecessor Attack: An Analysis of a Threat to Anonymous Communications Systems,† ACM Trans. Information and System Security, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 489-522, 2004. G. Danezis, â€Å"Statistical Disclosure Attacks: Traffic Confirmation in Open Environments,† Proc. Security and Privacy in the Age of Uncertainty, vol. 122, pp. 421-426, 2003. J. Raymond, â€Å"Traffic Analysis: Protocols, Attacks, Design Issues, and Open Problems,† Proc. Int’l Workshop Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: Design Issues in Anonymity Unobservability, pp. 10-29, 2001.

Becoming A Professional Chef Essay example -- Career Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chefs who have made the greatest impression know that their successes depend upon several factors, some of which are inherent; some which are diligently cultivated. Becoming a professional chef not only requires a thorough understanding in food preparation, but many other important points as well. Auguste Escoffier, the originator of modern foodservice wrote; "No theories, no formulae, no recipe, no matter how well written, can take the place of experience." (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The formal educational process must begin with the choice of institution, in the United States, the Culinary Institute of America, New York is the leader in traditional culinary cuisine preparation. The curriculum is taught on the Escoffier ideal. The California culinary Academy, San Francisco, also offers culinary education, but along with the New England culinary Institute, Montpelier, Vt, offer an education for occupational demand and placement. In order to gain a solid understanding in basic and advanced culinary techniques, any aspiring chef will find formal training at an accredited school an excellent beginning.An apprenticeship and or on-the-job training can be useful for some individuals in the place of formal education, and is a a necessary follow-up for all chefs in training. Learning should be an ongoing process, there is no substitute for experience;only with practice will classroom teory become fully developed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose behind the education is learning basic food preparation, learning the styles of knife cuts and food presentation. Most importantly of all food preparation is sanitation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The importance of sanitation cannot be over emphasized. In a business based upon service and hospitality, reputation and indeed, livelihoods are dependent upon the customers good will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food-borne illnesses fall into two categories, intoxicant and infections. An understanding of the causes and preventions will limit any contaminations. The food preparation process emcompresses the sanitation process from the beginning, using properly sterile utincels, food storage, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being a professional chef like any profession has a great many sides. The career opportunities for a chef that come to mind are that, a chef, a cook. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor review,November, 1995. By the year 2000, there will be an estimated 16-38% increase for chefs. T... ...ublic, organizing the staff to promote customer relations. The chef must also operate the kitchen, after all that is his profession. The chef must develop the needs and specifications of the kitchen, choose purveyors, organize delivery schedules,make inventory requirements. All the ingredients, no pun intended, will become necessary in a profitable on going operation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When deciding to be a professional chef; the preferred working environment of the individual will dictate how they wish to apply the skill. Being a chef can lead to other occupations as well, some which are not directly related to the foodservice industry. Teaching the skills of a culinarian, newspaper columnist or journalist critic. There are many possibilities to a professional chef outside a kitchen environment, learning by contact with other professionals is what professionalism is all about.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Works cited The California Culinary Academy,WWW.Baychef.com/educational/ index.html. Website. The Wall Street journal,January 2, 1990, Page 1. The Culinary Institute of America,The New Professional Chef. 5th ed.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1991 Becoming A Professional Chef Essay example -- Career Essays   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chefs who have made the greatest impression know that their successes depend upon several factors, some of which are inherent; some which are diligently cultivated. Becoming a professional chef not only requires a thorough understanding in food preparation, but many other important points as well. Auguste Escoffier, the originator of modern foodservice wrote; "No theories, no formulae, no recipe, no matter how well written, can take the place of experience." (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The formal educational process must begin with the choice of institution, in the United States, the Culinary Institute of America, New York is the leader in traditional culinary cuisine preparation. The curriculum is taught on the Escoffier ideal. The California culinary Academy, San Francisco, also offers culinary education, but along with the New England culinary Institute, Montpelier, Vt, offer an education for occupational demand and placement. In order to gain a solid understanding in basic and advanced culinary techniques, any aspiring chef will find formal training at an accredited school an excellent beginning.An apprenticeship and or on-the-job training can be useful for some individuals in the place of formal education, and is a a necessary follow-up for all chefs in training. Learning should be an ongoing process, there is no substitute for experience;only with practice will classroom teory become fully developed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose behind the education is learning basic food preparation, learning the styles of knife cuts and food presentation. Most importantly of all food preparation is sanitation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The importance of sanitation cannot be over emphasized. In a business based upon service and hospitality, reputation and indeed, livelihoods are dependent upon the customers good will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food-borne illnesses fall into two categories, intoxicant and infections. An understanding of the causes and preventions will limit any contaminations. The food preparation process emcompresses the sanitation process from the beginning, using properly sterile utincels, food storage, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being a professional chef like any profession has a great many sides. The career opportunities for a chef that come to mind are that, a chef, a cook. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor review,November, 1995. By the year 2000, there will be an estimated 16-38% increase for chefs. T... ...ublic, organizing the staff to promote customer relations. The chef must also operate the kitchen, after all that is his profession. The chef must develop the needs and specifications of the kitchen, choose purveyors, organize delivery schedules,make inventory requirements. All the ingredients, no pun intended, will become necessary in a profitable on going operation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When deciding to be a professional chef; the preferred working environment of the individual will dictate how they wish to apply the skill. Being a chef can lead to other occupations as well, some which are not directly related to the foodservice industry. Teaching the skills of a culinarian, newspaper columnist or journalist critic. There are many possibilities to a professional chef outside a kitchen environment, learning by contact with other professionals is what professionalism is all about.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Works cited The California Culinary Academy,WWW.Baychef.com/educational/ index.html. Website. The Wall Street journal,January 2, 1990, Page 1. The Culinary Institute of America,The New Professional Chef. 5th ed.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1991

Essay --

Isaac Thomas Rett Syndrome Rett syndrome is a progressive neurological disorder that affects almost exclusively in females. The most basic symptoms include decreased speech, cognitive disabilities, severe lack of muscle control, small head size, and unusual hand movements. A woman with a mutation in her MECP2 gene, has a 50% risk with any pregnancy to pass on her X chromosome with the mutation. It is not common for women with Rett syndrome to have children because the severity of the disorder. The mutated gene on the X chromosome that is responsible for causing Rett syndrome is the methyl CpG-binding protein 2, MECP2 gene. The gene makes a protein that controls other genes. When a mutation occurs in the MECP2, the protein it makes does not work properly. This is thought to counteract normal neuron, nerve cell development. The severity of the syndrome in females is related to the type of mutation in the MECP2 gene and the percentage of cells that carry a normal copy of the MECP2 gene. Rett syndrome is believed to affect all ethnic groups and nationalities with an equal frequency of about 1 case for every 10,000 to 15,000 live female births. Rett syndrome is an X-linked dominant gene. This means that the mutation responsible for Rett syndrome affects the gene located on the X chromosome. Females attain two X chromosomes, one from each parent. Males have one X and one Y chromosome. There is no cure for Rett syndrome. Treatment of patients with Rett syndrome focuses on improving the symptoms present. Treatment may include medications that constrain seizures, reduce spasticity, and prevent sleep disturbances. Nutrition is supervised in females with Rett syndrome due to their small build and the constipation related with the... ...romosome they carry cannot compensate for this mutation on their X chromosome. Females with a mutation in the gene that causes Rett Syndrome are able to survive because the presence of the second normal X chromosome partially compensates for the mutation on the other X chromosome. Bibliography 1. "Rett syndrome." Holly A. Ishmael, MS, CGC. and Tish Davidson, A.M. The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders, Second Edition. Ed. Brigham Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2012. 2 vols. 2. "Rett syndrome." Holly A. Ishmael, MS, CGC. The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders. Ed. Laurie Fundukian. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2010. 2 vols. 3. "Rett syndrome." Rebecca J. Frey, PhD., Emily Jane. Willingham, PhD., and Laura Jean Cataldo, RN, EdD. The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Ed. Kristin Key. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2012. 2 vols. Essay -- Isaac Thomas Rett Syndrome Rett syndrome is a progressive neurological disorder that affects almost exclusively in females. The most basic symptoms include decreased speech, cognitive disabilities, severe lack of muscle control, small head size, and unusual hand movements. A woman with a mutation in her MECP2 gene, has a 50% risk with any pregnancy to pass on her X chromosome with the mutation. It is not common for women with Rett syndrome to have children because the severity of the disorder. The mutated gene on the X chromosome that is responsible for causing Rett syndrome is the methyl CpG-binding protein 2, MECP2 gene. The gene makes a protein that controls other genes. When a mutation occurs in the MECP2, the protein it makes does not work properly. This is thought to counteract normal neuron, nerve cell development. The severity of the syndrome in females is related to the type of mutation in the MECP2 gene and the percentage of cells that carry a normal copy of the MECP2 gene. Rett syndrome is believed to affect all ethnic groups and nationalities with an equal frequency of about 1 case for every 10,000 to 15,000 live female births. Rett syndrome is an X-linked dominant gene. This means that the mutation responsible for Rett syndrome affects the gene located on the X chromosome. Females attain two X chromosomes, one from each parent. Males have one X and one Y chromosome. There is no cure for Rett syndrome. Treatment of patients with Rett syndrome focuses on improving the symptoms present. Treatment may include medications that constrain seizures, reduce spasticity, and prevent sleep disturbances. Nutrition is supervised in females with Rett syndrome due to their small build and the constipation related with the... ...romosome they carry cannot compensate for this mutation on their X chromosome. Females with a mutation in the gene that causes Rett Syndrome are able to survive because the presence of the second normal X chromosome partially compensates for the mutation on the other X chromosome. Bibliography 1. "Rett syndrome." Holly A. Ishmael, MS, CGC. and Tish Davidson, A.M. The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders, Second Edition. Ed. Brigham Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2012. 2 vols. 2. "Rett syndrome." Holly A. Ishmael, MS, CGC. The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders. Ed. Laurie Fundukian. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2010. 2 vols. 3. "Rett syndrome." Rebecca J. Frey, PhD., Emily Jane. Willingham, PhD., and Laura Jean Cataldo, RN, EdD. The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Ed. Kristin Key. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2012. 2 vols.

Lessons Principals Must Learn Essay

Gary Hopkins compiled some of the lessons learned by school principals in his article â€Å"Principals Share Lessons Learned: Dealing With Student Discipline, Parent Involvement. † He has, however, like in other of his articles, failed to express his reason as to why write the article. Perhaps, and most probably, it was to share these lessons to other principals. Although some lessons may be self-explanatory, Hopkins has also failed to discuss in depth the lessons principals have learned. He had failed to incorporate reason and clarity to his articles. The current article in question may also have a wrong or inaccurate choice of title as some of the lessons discussed doesn’t involve sudent discipline and parent involvement. One lesson discussed in the article is that principals should focus on discipline among students. The principal who shared this lesson held that â€Å"big problems can be solved by tackling small problems† (Hopkins 2004). True enough, any small effort can really make a big difference. Perhaps discipline should be enforced by the teachers as well, not just by the principal, and must also involve themselves, not just the students. Teachers and school administrators are also models for the students, and they should act like it. Children will often think right and immitate what they see among their elders. Another lesson discussed is involving the parents in decision-making. It is, after all, for their sons’ or daughters’ interests whatever decision is made concerning the school. Involving the parents doesn’t necessarily mean asking for their approval or asking them individually. Asking for their opinion on a proper forum or informing them of something that concerns the school which may affect the students is sometimes enough. Read more:  Most Important Lesson Learned in Life Essay Other lessons that were discussed in the article includes being cautious in giving lectures to the children and being prepared when discussing issues with the parents. One principal advised to include classroom observations in a principal’s activity and to talk with students regarding school goals and ideals. Another advised to instill pride for the school when administering discipline. Lessons that does not fall under the category â€Å"Dealing with Student Discipline and Parent Involvement† includes lessons learned from keeping harmony and unity within school organization and, as with any other organization, lessons in politics. It is sad that even in educational institutions politics play a critical role in the activity of administration. One principal said that â€Å"politics, not students, come first† (Hopkins 2004). Seems that education is no longer a priority for most of the people. Perhaps one of the most important lesson that school admintrators must learn is according to Brian Hazeltine, principal at Airdie Koinonia Christian School in Canada: â€Å"we cannot fix everything as principals, but in every situation there is either a best course of action or a fair and reasonable one† (Hopkins 2004). What really is peculiar about these lessons is that they are common, applicable to any organization. The difference is that they came from principals who experience what may be experienced in some other organization, regarding people they deal with—teachers, students, and officials higher up. Another is that Hopkins fails to expound on the lessons learned, confine it with matters of school administration. The lessons included in the article are dull, lacking in details and essence. Furthermore, some of the lessons are off topic.

Corporate Ethics Failure †A Critical Analysis Essay

Arthur Andersen, in 1913 formal a corporate entity that for decades leaved a bench mark for canvasing and consulting in the explanation attention. From the on restore Mr. Andersen worked to reach a foundation for his go with substitute of the principles of excellence in the technical and respectable aspects of his new segmenty. His ethical model think on Utilitarianism, the greatest amount of proper for the greatest amount of people. In the ripe 1940s after the fo to a lower place passed away, saucily appointed CEO, Senior Partner Leonard Spacek, bring forward exhibited his lead and commitment to ethical practices by helping to establish the Accounting Principles Board, their prinmary responsibilities beingness to set industry accounting and ethical standards. This is a direct reflection on the commitment Arthur Andersons executive staff tail on the go withs whimsy in performing their practice in an h iodinest and trustworthy manner. Spacek was so grand that former Federal Re coif chairman Paul Volker once refered to as Spaceks tenure as a period when Arther Andersen was the Gold Standard for the accounting industry. let out more how to write a searing depth psychology outlineThese standards built a reputation in the accounting confederacy which take to tremendous success. Honesty and faithfulness were trademarks of the compevery that concentrated on quality, leadership and developing its personnel to be experts in every aspect of the accounting industry . As the melodic line began to grow, Arthur Andersen eventually became a leader in the pecuniary industry, employing as much as 77,000 accounting professionals in 84 countries. A reflection on the numerous positive aspects of Arthur Andersen, its commitment to the many ethical principles it championed, twain in its hold up corporate structure and that of the accounting community. In this writers opinion, with such metrics in place, it is terrible that such a large entity c ould decamp and collapse. However, if one understands the importance of ethical bearing and the impact of lost trust, the analysis is non difficult. The problems encountered at Arthur Anderson were the result of inappropriate ethical behavior which resulted from compromises of their let ethical standards.These began as small issues for various clients that over date grew creating a slippery peddle from which Arthur Andersen could not recover. Corporate enterprises are funded by investors, stockholders and consumers. Likewise, their activities, both familiar and external, also affect investor, stockholder, stakeholder and consumer. each depend on the financial health and viability of the company to support their individual interests. The right of the SEC is to verify financial offbeat and permit a tool for which say-so investors and stock buyers can fairly forecast the risks involved as they decide which company their money should support.Auditors region the responsibi lity the cater analysis of the the financial condition man looking for errors in the bookkeeping/ accounting of the companys financial position. The attenders responsibility is to correct or repose any errors thus nixing a misleading view of the true financial strength of the company. If this view is compromised by providing or allowing false data to exist, the companys position is weakened, investors are led under false pretenses, placing their investments at risk. The SEC depends on a complete, thorough and truthful analysis from an auditor to verify the financial confines providing security for those desiring to invest or provide financial support.Arthur Andersens problems began precisely as mentioned earlier, when executives began to Be present unethically in a manner against the principles on which the company was founded. It is definitive to note that while Arthur Anderson employed effective melodic phrase ethics, the company flourished. As it began to compromise its integrity the long term consequences eventually to appear. The Enron collapse represents just one of many cases where mistakes were made and hidden. For Arther Andersen, in business almost 90 years, the destruction of Enron documents to prevent the SEC from gaining access to incriminating march shows how corrupt the accounting firm had become. time millions of dollars in revenue for Arthur Andersen were at stake, the viability of the company depended on the reputation it garnered. The demise of the company resulted from the dishonest tactics it employed to proceed in power. As of June , 2002, the company had determined off 7,000 employees, and lost more that 650 of its 2,300 public audit clients with the layoff of thousands pending. The slippery slope to extinction had begun. http//money.cnn.com/2002/06/13/news/andersen_verdict/In the article 12 Ethical Principles for blood Executives by the Josephson Institute, published on celestial latitude 17, 2010, stated that language es tablishing standards or rules describing the winsome of behavior an ethical person should and should not engage in, are ethical principles. more specifically they are specified as Honesty, Integrity, Promise keeping and Trusworthiness, Loyalty, Fairness, Concern for Others, rectitude Abiding, Commitment to Others, Leadership, Reputation, Morale and Accountability.http//josephsoninstitute.org/business/ intercommunicate/2010/12/12-ethical-principles-for-business-executives/ The founder, Arthur Andersen, embodied these principles to the point that he personally reimbursed a client for an accounting mistake made under his watch. trance a disclaimer on the part of Arthur Andersen guards against minor mistakes in the accounting audit/ review, it seems this created a gray area that was interpreted advantage of. Also, management should wee highly-developed a zero tolerance mechanism to adjudge an ethical culture sanctified to preventing inappropriate behavior. Policy should have man dated regularly documented training on business ethics, and the importance of its implementation as the auditing do work ensued. Any issues should have been to the client with rapprochement mandantory prior to an Audit Opinion being submitted.The indictment of Arthur Andersen and subsequent trial provided cogent evidence the Audit Opinion and review of Enrons balance sheet and financial statements were submitted with the intention to skew the true condition of the companys true fiscal condition, thus deceiving the shareholders, senesce of directors, potential investors and stakeholders. An overview of the measures in place to defense against inappropriate accounting behavior provide an insite to the items that were violated during Enron and Arthur Andersens quest to bilk investors share holders of millions. These safety measures included Generally authorized Accounting Principles (generally accepted accounting principles), Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS), educati ons on Auditing Standards (SAS), and all professional ethics. The use of GAAP by accountants is standard protocol. An accountant follows these principles as a matter of daily routine. fit in to several accounting schoolbooks, GAAP is identify as a dynamic set of both broad and specific guidelines that companies should follow when measuring and reporting the information in their financial statements.http//faculty.mckendree.edu/scholars/2004/stinson.htmThe article 7 Principles of admirable Business Ethics presents seven excess principles which complement ethical behavior. Those are Be trustful, keep and open mind, meet obligations, have clear documents, become community involved, maintain accounting control and be respectful. http//sbinformation.about.com/od/bestpractices/a/businessethics.htm In conclusion, legal psychoanalysts formulate the opinion that executives at Arthur Andersen and Enron did not set out to have a positive impact on the accounting industry or any industry.They set out to make as much money for themselves as quick as possible. They were willing to do any(prenominal) it took to make that money. These thoughtless acts and greed led both companies to an eventual downfall in bankruptcy. The subsequent prosecution of these firms has produced new controls which should serve to prevent this type of financial disaster. more or less notably the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which includes requiring companies to reevaluate its internal audit procedures and makes sure the accounting practices both meet or exceed the expectations of the auditors. http//faculty.mckendree.edu/scholars/2004/stinson.htmStatement Regarding Professional ConductThis assignment is my own work. Any assistance I authentic in its preparation is acknowledged at heart the assignment in accordance wth schoolman practice. If I used data, ideas, words, diagrams, pictures, or separate information from any source, I have assignd the source(s). I understand that copying text word for word from other sources without placing it in quotation marks is considered plagiarism and not acceptable even if I cite the source where the material was copied from. I manifest that this assignment was prepared specifically for this company and has not been submitted in whole or in part, to any other company at Walsh or elseware.

Britney Spears or Spear Britney

Manufactured bands have brought us both(prenominal) fab solo acts in the appearance of Mr Keating, and Robbie. Where would the screaming girlies be with prohibited them? J17 magazine.The accuracy is as long as they bent screaming and waving their under habili ment anywhere tight fitting me I dont honestly have a problem with teeny-boppers. Of course I revere the occasional lampoon more(prenominal) or less nearly(a) larger than animateness sentence band with a talent count of minus 50 scarce they dont aggravate me as a upsurge you powerfulness calculate. Ignorance is bliss But if I HAD to jabber well-nigh anything it would be active manufacture and their symphony. And so to break the rant in truth good I might as well exaggerate both(prenominal) of my views and thoughts to still up me appear desire a true cynic and hater of all that is pop.So I sat in my elbow room staring at my CD collection, tossing off the couple that dont do me proud. So with my Ricky M fraudin and ribaldry Girls album on one stead (c befully poised on the desk, teetering dangerously all over the bin) and my System Of A Down and Blink 182 on the other I sat bug out to indite this term.OK. Ever stop to commemorate near how much hormonally-charged energy you institutionalise into the quick quips and biting banter? Your life would be considerably more juicy if you excessivelyk some, whats that word again, oh thats it action. Im not suggesting that you incinerate some fresh teeny-boppers. There atomic number 18 laws against it. Yep blush in that state of the US. But if youre so fed up of fabricate bands and this article awakes the rebel in you, then I say Go Forth, join a band and top the charts OK delicately perchance its not that easy and its more productive than bitchin more or less the manufactured lot with your mates.In this world of MTV soundbites (we ar not worthy) and insanely uncreative lyrics, the manufactured band and the manufactured singer start rampant They are mint who are pooled together, not because they excel musically, but because their looks and constitution behind be pigeon-holed to fit a slip wily, funny, naughty, or sexy. Its on the dot that simple. musical theater passion is generally becoming a fading art, with most people in it for nothing more than the cash and the quick-fix of fame. Fame, you see, rattling rarely comes from the strength of the music.A few years ago, Britney Spears exploded onto the scene. Her virginal til straight strangely flirty lyrics had paedophiles across the world intrigued. present was a 16 year ageing girl who cognized Jesus Christ, call about being hit and claimed to be a virgin. It was all sofan-bl**dy-tastic.Britney went on to fail lots of records, preach Satans teachings and get to wear increasingly skimpy outfits in her music videos. With this much success, the clones were bound to follow. And, lo and behold, they did. Christina Aguilera was the f irst to bug out on the pink-coated bandwagon, and one of many to sit Carson Dalys gear-stick to TRL glory. The girl could certainly sing, but she was the blondest Latino in history, and the most annoying anorectic this side of Ally McBeal. They became more and more annoying. Is that humanly possible? I identify you say but as I say if in doubt rhythm to the merry U S of A. count on Mandy Moore. Moore was about 12 and could barely pull down screech well. She sang a call option about missing a guy cable exchangeable candy, which is just playing area sad. Nobody misses anyone similar candy. I peculiarity what Id miss my pin-ups wish well after my brains are gobbled by the undead teeny boppers. Mmmm..The manufactured violence is continuing as I write this dread-filled article. Oily men across the manufacture are lining their pockets and making an dogmatic mint from girls who dream about cute guys and Dawson. Why is it so big? sound its not because its so cutting edge. Its because girls are insecure. And popular culture detonating deviceises on that. Girls think maybe if I go out and buy that new lipstick, Ill fit in. Or maybe if I watch this say or listen to that music, Ill be popular. I mean, look around you now (thats castigate just blatantly stare at them), e truly one of these girls is incredibly insecure. You cant however speak your mind anymore without stomping on somebodys feelings. You make a Five break up joke and the teeny-boppers have a fit. You make a Two Pac (deceased) joke and the Hip-Hop posse kindly set ahead their middle finger. And any comments of Marilyn Mansons femininity pull up stakes have diabolists swarming around threatenin to send the forces of unfairness to your abode.In the States, telephone calls about coming on over and getting hit in the face are all the rage. In Britain, the flavour is love. If youre ever making a boyband, be sure they sing songs about love and sex. If youre projectning on making a girl g roup, make sure they sing songs about love and sex. Really its not that hard. The dudes on Popstars make it look so hard. However, if you plan on plucking an underage girl from drill (and there are laws against it) in the hopes that youll give the next Britney, make sure she sings songs about genies in bottles and being unvirginised.As I was surfin the wonderful net and followin the proverbial yellowed brick road to all that is fake(with a capital F ladies and gentlemen) I discovered that Britain is just as bad as the States in terms of manufactured bands. Theres a planted history involved in the art of making boybands. In the seventies, the Bay urban center Rollers were all the rage. Essentially, they were ugly Scottish dudes who wore tartan costumes (kilt-like but not quite) and sang really badly (they have sound clips on the site.sayin they sing badly is like saying o the arctic is a bit chilly). But the teenyboppers loved them, but because the machine trained them to love them. Its like that mind-washing scene in A Clockwork chromatic. Impressionable kids are force-fed a cocktail of matt music, and few of them have the intellectual tools or inquisitive nature, and think to themselves erwhy. Well, its very simple. These guys make money, and the formula is easy to reproduce. And people will buy anything if its well-packaged.Sheep. BAAAABest not to think about it too much. It hurts my b r a i n Fact is, these bands make great money for their producers, all by living up to a fallacious image. Its easy money, and darn the fat cats grow obese, were the ones who are losing out. Because when authentically talented performers fail to image a niche in the busy marketplace, well be overcome with these beasts.Ill be honest, though. I like a wide range of music. sometimes Ill be blown away (OK, hooked) by a boyband tune or maybe Ill even shock myself and buy the bounce back(id like to stress that this is not a frequent occurrence, and any tracks I do waste my money on ladder to be incinerated by some Satanist folk that hang around these parts.)OK, allow me be completely honest I prefer rock/punk music to virtually any other type of music (yes, even opera). Now, I like a lot of respected artists as well and I think I have fairly good stress when it comes to rating music, but theres something alluring about Pop. Im not saying the music is of necessity good, but it is very effective. I solve that its manufactured, that its sugary and the song lyrics are dud, but tell me you yourself havent caught the Pop bug at some point. These songs linger in your mind, even more so than Papa rope screaming about how much life sucks and how we should all die. not dissin PRoach or anythingCoby, Dude, You bumpThat strange mixture of superficial lucrativeness and cynical marketing works for some. Not me, but it does for someahh an outcast so far again. But while I wont keep back too vehemently that I have sex cheesy pop ballads, Id like to sus tain some of the manufactured artists here in this article where no-one in real life will ever know.Our group up for discussion isWestlife, or using their pronunciation, Westloife. dissipated without WingsEverybodys looking for a something genius thing that makes it all completeYoull find it in the strangest placesPlaces you never knew it could be any(prenominal) find it in the face of their children approximately find it in their lovers eyesWho can deny the joy it bringsWhen youve found that finicky thingYoure straightaway without wingsThis is Westlifes launch into the we condone drug usage halls of chart history. I know that Im only flying without wings after ten too many beers (so thats 10 beers in number yea). Its obvious that these depraved young men are either promoting illegal substances (S decree Seven wannabes) or singing about love. Whichever way you look at it, the song is pretty damn kooky. All right, its treacly and touching. This sucks.And to conclude.o wait som eones at the door. shortly stands overheading Ricky and Spice-eys into the bin. Looks out windowAnd now Ive been called away by a knock at my door. And the person knocking is a God-lover telling me I need the tripping of God. Ive been thinkingGod is a lot like a boyband. People go on about him 24/7 and plaster his posters on their bedrooms, but has he ever written his own tracks?